What is the result of calling console.log(sarah) when not using the new keyword?

When the console.log(sarah) statement is executed without using the new keyword when constructing an instance of a class or function, it typically leads to the creation of an object that is not bound to any variable. In this context, if sarah is expected to reference an instance of a Person but the code did not use new Person(...), sarah would be undefined.

The reason option A describes the output as Person {firstName: "Lydia", lastName: "Hallie"} and undefined is because it suggests that there was an instance creation, but the calling context has not stored any reference to it in the variable sarah. Therefore, any attempt to log sarah results in undefined, indicating that it hasn't been assigned an object instance.

This scenario suggests a situation where there is a valid object, like Person, having properties firstName and lastName, perhaps created before or in a different scope, while the intended instance sarah has not been properly initialized to hold a reference to that object. Thus, understanding the behavior of the new keyword and its role in object instantiation is critical, as it dictates whether a